ALL THINGS MICROBIOLOGY
Scientific references — numbered Harvard style

n.d. = publication date not confirmed. Access dates are recorded source checks.

1. bioMérieux (n.d.). ETEST clinical product overview. Available at: https://www.biomerieux.com/corp/en/our-offer/clinical-products/etest.html (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025). About antimicrobial resistance. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antimicrobial-resistance/about/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). About Fungal Diseases. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/about/index.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). About Microbial Ecology. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antimicrobial-resistance/about/about-microbial-ecology.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). About Parasites. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about/index.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025). Antibiotic do's and don'ts. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/about/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024). Biological Risk Assessment. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/safe-labs/php/biological-risk-assessment/index.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). CDC OneLab REACH — Gram stain overview. Available at: https://reach.cdc.gov/jobaid/how-perform-gram-stain (Accessed: 10 October 2026).

9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). CDC Stacks — Bacteria in Indoor and Occupational Settings, in Exposure to Microbiological Agents in Indoor and Occupational Environments. Available at: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/210988/cdc_210988_DS1.pdf (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Chemical disinfectants: properties and material considerations. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/disinfection-sterilization/chemical-disinfectants.html (Access date not recorded).

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024). Cleaning programmes: responsibilities, records and monitoring. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/healthcare-associated-infections/hcp/cleaning-global/programs.html (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Cleaning supplies and equipment: general management principles. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/healthcare-associated-infections/hcp/cleaning-global/supplies-and-equipment.html (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Cleaning: soil removal and subsequent process effectiveness. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/disinfection-sterilization/cleaning.html (Access date not recorded).

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025). Clinical Features of Penicillin Allergy. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Core elements of antibiotic stewardship. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/hcp/core-elements/ (Accessed: 10 October 2026).

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Environmental Cleaning Procedures. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/healthcare-associated-infections/hcp/cleaning-global/procedures.html (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Hospital antibiotic stewardship. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/hcp/core-elements/hospital.html (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Introduction, methods and definition of terms. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/disinfection-sterilization/introduction-methods-definition-of-terms.html (Access date not recorded).

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024). Key Definitions & Abbreviations: Environmental Cleaning in Global Healthcare Facilities. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/healthcare-associated-infections/hcp/cleaning-global/definitions.html (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Laboratory roles in stewardship. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/media/pdfs/key-activities-laboratory-stewardship-508.pdf (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Risk assessment for environmental cleaning method and frequency: healthcare context. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/healthcare-associated-infections/hcp/cleaning-global/appendix-a.html (Access date not recorded).

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Vaccine Glossary. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/glossary/index.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

23. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (n.d.). CMS — CLIA Verification of Performance Specifications. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA/downloads/6064bk.pdf (Accessed: 10 October 2026).

24. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (n.d.). About the organisation. Available at: https://clsi.org/about/ (Access date not recorded).

25. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2023). Critical Standards Added to CLSI Micro Free. Available at: https://clsi.org/resources/insights-blog/critical-standards-added-to-clsi-micro-free/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

26. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2021). Ensuring Quality Beyond the Test: Reporting Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results. Available at: https://clsi.org/shop/education/webinars/ast-quality-webinar/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

27. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (n.d.). Free microbiology resources and read-only MicroFree access. Available at: https://clsi.org/standards/products/free-resources/access-our-free-resources/ (Access date not recorded).

28. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (n.d.). Harmonized Terminology Database. Available at: https://htd.clsi.org/listallterms.asp (Access date not recorded).

29. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2024). M02: Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. 14th edn. Public standard information. Available at: https://clsi.org/shop/standards/m02/ (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

30. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2026). M100 Ed36 correction notice, 9 July 2026. Available at: https://clsi.org/media/2nepun3a/m100ed36_correction_notice_table_2h_1_electronic_20260709.pdf (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

31. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2026). M100: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 36th edn. Public standard information; use the controlled edition for practice. Available at: https://clsi.org/shop/standards/m100/ (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

32. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2015). M52: Verification of commercial microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems. 1st edn.; reaffirmed January 2020. Original publication year was not confirmed in the recorded source metadata. Available at: https://clsi.org/shop/standards/m52/ (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

33. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2016). M57: Principles and Procedures for the Development of Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing. Available at: https://clsi.org/shop/standards/m57/ (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

34. Humphries, R.M. (2021). Re-exploring the intermediate interpretive category. Available at: https://clsi.org/resources/insights-blog/re-exploring-the-intermediate-interpretive-category/ (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

35. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (n.d.). About EUCAST. Available at: https://www.eucast.org/about-eucast/ (Access date not recorded).

36. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2026). Clinical breakpoint tables. Bacterial tables v16.1, valid 24 June–31 December 2026; edition cited in ATM. Available at: https://www.eucast.org/bacteria/clinical-breakpoints-and-interpretation/clinical-breakpoint-tables/ (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

37. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (n.d.). Definitions of S, I and R. Available at: https://www.eucast.org/newsiandr (Accessed: 14 October 2026).

38. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2021). EUCAST breakpoints offer two levels of susceptible (S and I). Available at: https://www.eucast.org/news-detail/eucast-breakpoints-offer-two-levels-of-susceptible-s-and-i/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

39. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2024). S, I and R and surveillance of AMR. Available at: https://www.eucast.org/news-detail/s-i-and-r-and-surveillance-of-amr/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

40. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (n.d.). Statutes and international participation. Available at: https://www.eucast.org/about-eucast/organisation/eucast-statutes/ (Access date not recorded).

41. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (n.d.). Tables are used with the rest of the framework. Available at: https://www.eucast.org/news-detail/breakpoint-tables-are-used-together-with-other-eucast-guidance/ (Access date not recorded).

42. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2026). When there are no breakpoints?. Available at: https://www.eucast.org/bacteria/clinical-breakpoints-and-interpretation/when-there-are-no-breakpoints/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

43. FAO, UNEP, WHO and WOAH (2025). Quadripartite guidance on One Health integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and use. Available at: https://www.woah.org/en/document/quadripartite-guidance-on-one-health-integrated-surveillance-of-antimicrobial-resistance-and-use/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

44. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (n.d.). antimicrobial resistance and One Health. Available at: https://www.fao.org/one-health/areas-of-work/antimicrobial-resistance (Access date not recorded).

45. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (n.d.). antimicrobial use in plant production and protection. Available at: https://www.fao.org/antimicrobial-resistance/resources/infarm-system/amu-in-plant-production-and-protection/en/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (n.d.). InFARM. Available at: https://infarm.fao.org/ (Access date not recorded).

47. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (n.d.). InFARM frequently asked questions. Available at: https://www.fao.org/antimicrobial-resistance/resources/infarm-system/frequently-asked-questions/en/ (Access date not recorded).

48. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (n.d.). InFARM system and its scope. Available at: https://www.fao.org/antimicrobial-resistance/resources/infarm-system/en/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

49. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (n.d.). InFARM training environment. Available at: https://infarm.training.fao.org/ (Access date not recorded).

50. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (n.d.). national participation in InFARM. Available at: https://www.fao.org/antimicrobial-resistance/resources/infarm-system/participate/en/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

51. International Organization for Standardization (2022). ISO 15189:2022: Medical laboratories — Requirements for quality and competence. 4th edn. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization. Official catalogue record. Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/76677.html (Access date not recorded).

52. Leekha, S., Terrell, C.L. and Edson, R.S. (2011). General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86(2), pp. 156–167. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2010.0639. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3031442/ (Access date not recorded).

53. Levison, M.E. (2000). Pharmacodynamics of antibacterial drugs. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 14(2). doi: 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70248-8. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10829256/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

54. National Cancer Institute (n.d.). Pharmacokinetics definition. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/pharmacokinetics (Access date not recorded).

55. National Institute of General Medical Sciences (2016). Newly Identified Cell Wall Construction Workers: A Novel Antibiotic Target?. Available at: https://nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/2016/10/newly-identified-cell-wall-construction-workers-a-novel-antibiotic-target (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

56. National Institute of General Medical Sciences (2023). What Is Pharmacology?. Available at: https://nigms.nih.gov/biobeat/2023/08/what-is-pharmacology (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

57. National Library of Medicine (n.d.). Bacterial Infections. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/bacterialinfections.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

58. Loree, J. and Lappin, S.L. (2023). Bacteriostatic antibiotics. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Chapter updated 14 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547678/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

59. National Library of Medicine (n.d.). Fungal Infections. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/fungalinfections.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

60. National Library of Medicine (2025). Germs and Hygiene. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/germsandhygiene.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

61. National Library of Medicine (n.d.). Gram Stain. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/gram-stain/ (Accessed: 10 October 2026).

62. National Library of Medicine (n.d.). Parasitic Diseases. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/parasiticdiseases.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

63. National Library of Medicine (n.d.). Viral Infections. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/viralinfections.html (Accessed: 11 October 2026).

64. Neu, H.C. and Gootz, T.D. (1996). Antimicrobial chemotherapy. In: Baron, S. (ed.) Medical Microbiology. 4th edn. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch, Chapter 11. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7986/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

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66. Pandey, N. and Cascella, M. (2023). Beta-lactam antibiotics. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Chapter updated 4 June 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545311/ (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

67. Purssell, E. (2019). Antimicrobials. In: Understanding Pharmacology in Nursing Practice, Chapter 6. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-32004-1_6. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120529/ (Access date not recorded).

68. Ratain, M.J. and Plunkett, W.K. Jr (2003). Principles of pharmacokinetics. In: Kufe, D.W. et al. (eds.) Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edn. Hamilton, ON: BC Decker. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK12815/ (Access date not recorded).

69. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (n.d.). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and interpretation overview. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/products-and-medical-procedures/antimicrobial-resistance-and-medical-devices (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

70. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (n.d.). Drug interaction guidance recap. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidances-drugs/guidance-recap-podcast-in-vitro-drug-interaction-studies-cytochrome-p450-enzyme-and-transporter (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

71. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (n.d.). FDA-recognized antimicrobial susceptibility test interpretive criteria. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-resources/fda-recognized-antimicrobial-susceptibility-test-interpretive-criteria (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

72. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (n.d.). Guidance Recap Podcast: Population Pharmacokinetics. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidances-drugs/guidance-recap-podcast-population-pharmacokinetics (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

73. United Nations Environment Programme (n.d.). antimicrobial resistance and environmental action. Available at: https://www.unep.org/topics/chemicals-and-pollution-action/chemicals-management/pollution-and-health/antimicrobial (Accessed: 12 October 2026).

74. United Nations Environment Programme (n.d.). Bracing for Superbugs — environmental action in the One Health AMR response. Available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/superbugs/environmental-action (Access date not recorded).

75. United Nations Environment Programme (n.d.). Quadripartite guidance on One Health integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and use (2025). Available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/quadripartite-guidance-one-health-integrated-surveillance-antimicrobial-resistance (Access date not recorded).

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